Glycolysis: In depth overview – FitnessLast

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Glycolysis: In depth overview

About Lesson

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration. It is the process by which glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon compound. This pathway occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and does not require oxygen, making it an anaerobic process. Glycolysis is essential for energy production, especially in cells that lack mitochondria or in conditions where oxygen is scarce.

Steps of Glycolysis

Glycolysis consists of ten enzymatic steps, which can be divided into two main phases: the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase.

1. Energy Investment Phase:
  - - Step 1: Hexokinase Reaction
      
      Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). ATP is consumed in this step.
      
      $Glucose + ATP \to Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP$
  - - Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase Reaction
      
      G6P is converted to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) by phosphoglucose isomerase.
      
      $Glucose-6-phosphate \to Fructose-6-phosphate$
  - - Step 3: Phosphofructokinase-1 Reaction
      
      F6P is phosphorylated by phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP). Another ATP molecule is consumed.
      
      $Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP \to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP$
  - - Step 4: Aldolase Reaction
      
      F1,6BP is split by aldolase into two three-carbon molecules: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
      
      $Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate \to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate$
  - - Step 5: Triose Phosphate Isomerase Reaction
      
      DHAP is converted to G3P by triose phosphate isomerase, resulting in two molecules of G3P.
      
      $Dihydroxyacetone phosphate \to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate$

1. Energy Payoff Phase:
  - - Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Reaction
      
      G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG). NAD+ is reduced to NADH in this step.
      
      $Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + {NAD}^{+} + Pi \to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H^{+}$
  - - Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase Reaction
      
      1,3BPG donates a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). This is the first substrate-level phosphorylation step.
      
      $1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + ADP \to 3-Phosphoglycerate + ATP$
  - - Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase Reaction
      
      3PG is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) by phosphoglycerate mutase.
      
      $3-Phosphoglycerate \to 2-Phosphoglycerate$
  - - Step 9: Enolase Reaction
      
      2PG is dehydrated by enolase to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
      
      $2-Phosphoglycerate \to Phosphoenolpyruvate + H_{2} O$
  - - Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase Reaction
      
      PEP donates a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP and pyruvate. This is the second substrate-level phosphorylation step.
      
      $Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP \to Pyruvate + ATP$

Net Yield of Glycolysis

The overall net yield from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis is:

- 2 molecules of pyruvate

- 2 molecules of ATP (4 ATP produced – 2 ATP consumed)

- 2 molecules of NADH

Regulation of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is tightly regulated to meet the energy demands of the cell. Key regulatory enzymes include:

- Hexokinase: Inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phosphate.

- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1): The most important regulatory enzyme, inhibited by ATP and citrate, and activated by AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.

- Pyruvate Kinase: Inhibited by ATP and alanine, and activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

Importance of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is vital for:

- Rapid ATP production, especially in anaerobic conditions.

- Providing intermediates for other metabolic pathways, such as the synthesis of amino acids and fatty acids.

- Serving as a precursor to the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation under aerobic conditions.

Understanding glycolysis is fundamental for comprehending cellular energy metabolism and its implications in health and disease.

Macronutrients & Products: Food & Beverage Learn the developments, processing and ingredients behind the daily available food and beverages produces by certain manufacturers along with the health implications and nutritional quality behind these products.

Food & Beverage Nutrition Fundamentals Get the basics from nutritional data sciences released to the biochemical understanding for a more vast and flexibility in the knowledge of having to deal with nutritional quality whenever and wherever.

Basic Biochemistry Of Nutrients & Dietary Sources Biochemical fundamentals and their reactions through metabolic processes with regards to Nutrients & Dietary Sources. How will these sources of sustenance react with our body and how will our body respond?